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The Federal Reserve held its key interest rates steady today after raising it for the first time in three years last meeting.

Chair Kevin Warsh noted inflation is still too high, and said the central bank will take in a lot of data between now and its December meeting. Most Fed watchers expect another hike to tamp down rising prices by the end of the year. Warsh also said the economy is strong, but not too hot, and policymakers don’t wish to hamper that growth by raising borrowing costs.

You can hear Kai Ryssdal’s analysis of today’s announcement at the top of today’s “Marketplace” podcast. But for now, let’s look at how regular folks are spending in an inflationary-but-not-recessionary economy. — Tony Wagner, newsletter editor
Kirkland paper towels on display.
Kevin Carter/Getty Images
What toilet paper sales tell us about consumer spending
Marketplace’s Kristin Schwab talked to just a few of the many Americans buying fewer, better products right now, plus the experts who say that’s an economic indicator.
The parking lot at a Costco in suburban Minneapolis is a traffic jam of shopping carts and cars.

A guy walks out with furnace air filters and a bouquet of roses. One woman pushes an incredible amount of juice and, of course, one rotisserie chicken. And a curious number of people cradle nothing but a single, 30-roll pack of Kirkland toilet paper.

“$20.99. It was three dollars off,” said Vangie Krueger, who came today just for the sale.

Krueger said with prices going up, she’s shopping around. So is Kirsten Halloran, who goes to ALDI for produce, Trader Joe’s for frozen food and Costco for paper products. She has that same giant pack of Kirkland toilet paper in her cart.

“When you see brand name just being, like, double, then I will look to the store brand and just pick that up,” she said.

The brand name at this store is Charmin and it goes for $29.99, which is $12 more than the store brand. Still, Rick Sumrall paid the premium. He did not buy the Kirkland brand.

“Oh no, my wife vetoed that,” he laughed. “Personal preference, I’ll put it that way.”

Personal preference is indeed personal, especially when it comes to products as mundane and intimate as toilet paper. It’s why Michael Collins, a professor of household finance at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, has actually researched toilet paper purchasing patterns.

“You know, there’s very few goods that we can come across where people have consistently standardized preferences and demand for a product,” said Collins. “And more importantly they don’t have substitutes.”

Something like butter, which is perishable, can be swapped for margarine or cooking oil. But everyone — except maybe bidet people — needs toilet paper, which means it can be used to measure how people are spending in the economy.

“People are pretty willing to move around in different products. People will pretty quickly shift to an alternative that meets their price point,” said Collins.

Collins studied nine years of scanner data to understand when people buy more or less toilet paper or change brands. And he found that when people are feeling flush, say right after tax season, they buy 20% more. Meanwhile, when money is tight, they buy cheaper toilet paper, and buy less of it.
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News you should know
Let’s do the numbers
  • Stocks held mostly steady, notching small gains after the Fed did what just about everyone expected. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq composite both closed up 0.3% today, while the Dow added 0.2%.

  • Microsoft shares jumped after hours when the company beat quarterly earnings expectations. Meanwhile, Alphabet shares tanked double digits after missing revenue expectations on its main product which, you may have noticed, is full of AI now. 

  • Remove the volatile defense and aircraft categories, and durable goods orders have been rising for 10 of the last 12 months. It’s not just stuff for the AI buildout, either.
Politics
  • Seventy billionaires have spent a record $612 million on California’s Tuesday election, mostly fighting against a wealth tax meant to offset healthcare cuts.

  • Another big spender in these midterms: Sportsbooks.

  • The war in Iran has cost American taxpayers $47.1 billion so far, the Trump administration told Congress, billions more than last month.

  • Federal tax credits for wind and solar are set to expire next year, five years earlier than expected. Developers are rushing to stand up wind and solar projects in time.

  • Texans will elect a new member of the state’s railroad commission next week. Why should you care? The job isn’t really about regulating trains, but it has everything to do with the oil and gas industry.
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An archival photo of a woman speaking into a megaphone.
Dolores Huerta, at a march in 1969. (Photo courtesy PBS Distribution)
QUOTE OF THE DAY
“Most stories are about rags to riches; hers is really a kind of riches to rags.”
— Filmmaker Peter Bratt, on Dolores Huerta
Huerta, the civil rights icon who co-founded the United Farm Workers union and coined the slogan “Sí, se puede!" died today. She was 96. Bratt directed the documentary “Dolores” about Huerta’s life and work, and he came on “Marketplace” in 2017 with executive producer Carlos Santana to talk about it.
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An iPhone Duo, unfolded, with a bright white line shot across the screen.
John Keeble/Getty Images
Final note
One more economic indicator?
A diverse group of TikTokers are getting attention from an old-fashioned side hustle: stripping copper wire to sell. 

Copper prices hit an all-time high last month, thanks in part to tariffs and data centers. But Wired’s Caroline Haskins, who reported on the trend, told us metal resale is just part of the, uh, career path here.

“Seemingly the more lucrative path is either getting enough views that you're eligible for funds through TikTok's creator program, or being an advertiser on the TikTok shop,” she said. There are far more embarrassing ways to go viral, I suppose.
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